Analysis package: How Does Taking Parental Leave Affect the Wages of Highly Educated Parents? 

Jaksztat, Steffen; Goldan, Lea; Gross, Christiane

Objective: The aim of this paper is to analyze (a) how highly educated women and men differ in their parental leave-taking behavior and (b) how parental leave-taking affects their subsequent wages. Background: Labor market theories suggest that taking pare... morental leave can have negative effects on career progress and wages. Consequently, the fact that women are much more likely than men to take parental leave is likely to contribute to long-term career-related gender inequalities. At the same time, some studies have shown that wage losses resulting from parental leave are greater for men than for women and are especially pronounced among highly qualified individuals. Method: We analyzed data from a nationally representative panel study (7 waves from 2015 to 2021) with doctoral graduates in Germany from the cohort 2013/2014. We used fixed-effects regressions to estimate intra-individual changes in hourly wages due to parental leave-taking. Results: Highly educated women took parental leave more often and for much longer periods than highly educated men did. Taking extended parental leave was associated with a reduction in hourly wages. However, this general finding was slightly insignificant for first-time parents. Against expectations, our analyses did not confirm higher wage penalties for men following a period of parental leave. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the gender-specific use of parental leave is an important factor in the gender pay gap. less

Analysis Package: Are Employment Trajectories of STEM Doctoral Degree Holders Gender-Specific? Evidence from a Large German Technical University 

Bartsch, Simone; Buenstorf, Guido; Otto, Anne; Theissen, Maria

Gender balance across different employment sectors is beneficial in order for society to make the best use of its talent pool. However, particularly in the STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields, women are underrepresented as resear... morechers and professors in universities and non-university research organizations in Germany. To better understand the career trajectories of doctoral degree holders, we investigate the critical phase of transition into the post-graduation employment context. Based on rich process-generated data for a large German technical university, we explore the relationship of employment sector and employment volume during and after doctoral training. Results of a sequence analysis indicate that the employment trajectories of men and women follow similar patterns, but that the prevalence of individual sequences differs substantially by gender. Our findings suggest substantial path dependence in employment biographies. Regression results show no overall gender-specific difference regarding the post-graduation employment sector when controlling for previous sector-specific work experience and STEM subfields. However, when distinguishing between men, women without children and women with children (mothers), we observe that mothers are more likely to remain in the university sector compared to men. In the years following doctorate completion, both women without children, and women with children are significantly less often full-time employed than are men. less

Analysis package: More or less the same? An exploration of the evolution of the PhD wage premium in a decade of higher education expansion. 

Euler, Thorsten; Trennt, Fabian

The expansion in higher education over the last decade or more has led to an increase in the number of tertiary education graduates entering the labor market, both with and without doctoral degrees. Against this backdrop we ask to what extent higher educat... moreion expansion has affected the earnings of PhD graduates in comparison to higher education graduates without doctoral degrees. The analysis is based on the 1997, 2001, 2005, and 2009 cohorts of the German Centre for Higher Education and Science Studies (DZHW) graduate panel studies. Within these, surveys were conducted for each respective cohort about ten years after graduation. The provided analysis package contains the associated preparation of the data sets, the genesis of necessary variables, the tailoring of the analysis sample and the calculation of the results. In accordance with human capital theory, a constant PhD wage premium between the different cohorts for those employed in the private sector can be found. In the public sector, a stable but insignificant PhD wage premium is detected. Descriptive and analytic results show a significant wage growth for the 2009 cohort, regardless of sector and PhD state. less

Analysis Package: Degree Differentiation and Changing Career Outcomes of Higher Education Graduates in Germany: A Matter of Specialization, Extracurricular Activities or Labor Market Segmentation? 

Kroher, Martina; Leuze, Kathrin

Based on the DZHW graduate panel, this paper uses linear regression models and Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions to investigate labor market inequalities over time, with a particular focus on wages and adequate employment among graduates with bachelor's, maste... morer's and traditional degrees. In addition, it examines how unequal labor market returns between different college degrees can be explained. The analysis package includes the data and analysis scripts for the preparation and analysis of the DZHW- Graduate Panel from 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2013, which were used to prepare the publication in the special volume of the journal "Soziale Welt". The files should only be used to replicate the analyses. less

Analysis Package: Social inequalities in postdoctoral dropout from academia by gender, parental academic background, migration background, and their intersections 

Goldan, Lea; Bohlen, Aaron; Gross, Christiane

The journal article uses the DZHW PhD Panel 2014 to examine social inequalities in postdoctoral dropout from academia by gender, parental academic background, migration background, and their intersections. The analysis package includes the data and analysi... mores scripts for preparation, multiple imputation, and analysis of the DZHW PhD Panel that were used for the article. The files should only be used to replicate the analyses. less

Analysis Package: Wie geht es für wen weiter? Verläufe der bildungs- und berufsbezogenen Neuorientierung nach Abbruch eines Studiums und der Einfluss der sozialen Herkunft 

Kracke, Nancy

The analysis package includes the dofiles that were created and used for data preparation and data analysis of the article "Kracke, Nancy & Isleib, Sören (2023). What happens next for whom? Trajectories of Educational and Vocational Reorientation after... more Dropping Out of Higher Education and the Influence of Social Origin, Soziale Welt, 74(2), 173-217.". less

Analysis Package: How do signals of academic performance vary across disciplines? Evidence from a survey experiment with university professors in Germany 

Petzold, Knut; Netz, Nicolai

Stata do-file for replicating the analyses of Petzold & Netz (2023).

Analysis Package: Analyses of the gender pay gap among PhD holders in Germany 

Goldan, Lea

The journal article uses the DZHW Graduate Panel 2001 to examine the extent of and reasons for the gender pay gap among PhD holders in Germany. The analysis package includes the analysis scripts for preparation and analysis of the DZHW Graduate Panel that ... morewere used for the article. The files should only be used to replicate the analyses. less

Analysis Package: Explaining the gender pay gap among doctoral graduates: analyses of the German labour market 

Goldan, Lea

The journal article uses the DZHW PhD Panel 2014 to examine the determinants of the gender pay gap among doctoral graduates in Germany. The analysis package includes the data and analysis scripts for preparation and analysis of the DZHW PhD Panel that were... more used for the article. The files should only be used to replicate the analyses. less

Analysis Package: Explaining Employment Sector Choices of Doctoral Graduates in Germany 

Goldan, Lea; Jaksztat, Steffen; Gross, Christiane

The journal article uses the DZHW PhD Panel 2014 to examine the determinants of the employment sector choices of doctoral graduates in Germany. The analysis package includes the data and analysis scripts for preparation and analysis of the DZHW PhD Panel t... morehat were used for the article. The files should only be used to replicate the analyses. less